Which Period in Art Is Closely Associated With Science

20 Revolutionary Fine art Movements That Have Shaped Our Visual History

Looking back through Western history, it's incredible to see how many types of art have made an impact on club. Past tracing a timeline through different art movements, we're able to not just see how modern and contemporary art has developed, only as well how art is a reflection of its time.

For instance, did you know that Impressionism was once considered an clandestine, controversial move or that Abstract Expressionism signaled a shift in the art world from Paris to New York? Similar edifice blocks, from Realism to Lowbrow, these different types of art are interconnected. As the artistic pendulum swings, creative styles are often reactions against or homages to their predecessors. And by looking back at some of the virtually important fine art movements in history, we have a clearer agreement of how famous artists like Van Gogh, Picasso, and Warhol have revolutionized the art globe.

These 20 visual fine art movements are cardinal to agreement the unlike types of art that shape mod history.

Italian Renaissance Art

From the 14th through 17 century, Italy underwent an unprecedented historic period of enlightenment. Known as the Renaissance—a term derived from the Italian word Rinascimento, or "rebirth"—this flow saw increased attending to cultural subjects similar art and architecture.

Italian Renaissance artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael found inspiration in classical art from Ancient Rome and Greece, adopting ancient interests like rest, naturalism, and perspective. In Renaissance-era Italy, this antiquity-inspired approach materialized equally humanist portrait painting, anatomically correct sculpture, and harmonious, symmetrical architecture.

Artists to Know: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian

Iconic Artwork: Nascency of Venus by Sandro Botticelli (1486), The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci (1495 – 1498),Mona Lisa (c. 1503 – 1506),David by Michelangelo (1501 – 1504), The School of Athens past Raphael (1509 – 1511)

Baroque

"The Ecstasy of St. Teresa" by Bernini. 1647-1652. Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome

Toward the end of the Renaissance, the Baroque motion emerged in Italy. Like the preceding genre, Baroque art showcased artistic interests in realism and rich colour. Unlike Renaissance art and architecture, yet, Baroque works also emphasized extravagance.

This opulence is evident in Bizarre painting, sculpture, and architecture. Painters like Caravaggio suggested drama through their handling of lite and depiction of movement. Sculptors similar Bernini achieved a sense of theatricality through dynamic contours and intricate drapery. And architects across Europe embellished their designs with ornamentation ranging from intricate carvings to imposing columns.

Artists to Know: Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Bernini

Iconic Artwork: The Calling of Saint Matthew past Caravaggio (1599 –1600),The Night Watch by Rembrandt (1642), The Ecstasy of St. Teresa by Bernini (1647 – 1652)

Rococo

Following the extravagance and power of Baroque art came the lighthearted and flirtatious Rococo movement, which blossomed in 18th-century French republic earlier spreading to other European countries. The termRococo derives fromrocaille, a method of decoration using pebbles, seashells, and cement to beautify grottoes and fountains in the Renaissance. During the 1730s, the rocaille decoration inspired scrolling curves in ornamental furniture and interior pattern. In painting, this decorative fashion transferred to a dear of whimsical narratives, pastel colors, and fluid forms.

Artists to know: Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Antoine Watteau, François Boucher

Iconic Artwork: The Swing by Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1767)

Neoclassicism

Jacques-Louis David, "The Oath of the Horatii," 1784–5 (Photo: Wikimedia Commons, Public domain)

Neoclassicism is an 18th-century art move based on the ideals of art from Rome and Ancient Hellenic republic. Its involvement in simplicity and harmony was partially inspired equally a negative reaction to the overly frivolous artful of the decorative Rococo style. The discovery of Roman archaeological cities Pompeii and Herculaneum (in 1738 and 1748, respectively) helped galvanize the spirit of this movement.

Artists to Know: Jacques-Louis David, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Antonio Canova

Iconic Artwork: The Adjuration o the Horatii past Jacques-Louis David (1784–1785),The Death of Socrates by Jacques-Louis David (1787), Decease of Marat by Jacques-Louis David (1793), The Grande Odalisque past Ingres (1814)

Romanticism

Eugène Delacroix, "Freedom Leading the People," 1830 (Photo: Wikimedia Commons, Public domain)

Romanticism was a cultural movement that emerged effectually 1780. Until its onset, Neoclassicism dominated 18th-century European art, typified by a focus on classical discipline matter, an interest in aesthetic austerity, and ideas in line with the Enlightenment, an intellectual, philosophical, and literary movement that placed accent on the individual.

Artists similar Eugène Delacroixfound inspiration in their own imaginations. This introspective approach lent itself to an art class that predominantly explored the spiritual.

Artists to Know: Joseph Mallord William Turner, Eugène Delacroix, Theodore Gericault, Francisco Goya

Iconic Artwork: Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog by Caspar David Friedrich (1818), Liberty Leading the People by Delacroix (1830)

Realism

Realism is a genre of fine art that started in France afterwards the French Revolution of 1848. A clear rejection of Romanticism, the dominant mode that had come up before it, Realist painters focused on scenes of contemporary people and daily life. What may seem normal now was revolutionary afterward centuries of painters depicting exotic scenes from mythology and the Bible, or creating portraits of the nobility and clergy.

French artists like Gustave Courbet and Honoré Daumier, as well as international artists like James Abbott McNeill Whistler, focused on all social classes in their artwork, giving vocalisation to poorer members of order for the first time and depicting social bug stemming from the Industrial Revolution. Photography was too an influence on this blazon of art, pushing painters to produce realistic representations in competition with this new applied science.

Artists to Know: Gustave Courbet, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Jean-François Millet, James McNeill Whistler

Iconic Artwork:The Gleanersby Jean-François Millet (1857), The Burial at Ornans by Gustave Courbet (1849 – 1850)

Impressionism

It may exist hard to believe, simply this now love art genre was in one case an outcast visual motility. Breaking from Realism, Impressionist painters moved away from realistic representations to use visible brushstrokes, vivid colors with picayune mixing, and open compositions to capture the emotion of lite and movement. Impressionism started when a group of French artists broke with academic tradition past painting en plein air—a shocking conclusion when nearly landscape painters executed their piece of work indoors in a studio.

The original group, which included Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille, was formed in the early 1860s in French republic. Additional artists would join in forming their ain society to exhibit their artwork afterwards being rejected by the traditional French salons, who deemed it too controversial to exhibit. This initial underground exhibition, which took place in 1874, immune them to gain public favor.

Artists to Know: Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Mary Cassatt

Iconic Artwork: Impression, Sunrise by Monet (1872), Bal du Moulin de la Galette by Renoir (1876), Water Liliesseries past Monet (1890s – 1900s)

Mail-Impressionism

Again originating from France, this type of art adult between 1886 and 1905 every bit a response to the Impressionist movement. This fourth dimension, artists reacted confronting the need for the naturalistic depictions of calorie-free and colour in Impressionist fine art. As opposed to earlier styles, Post-Impressionism covers many different types of fine art, from the Pointillism of Georges Seurat to the Symbolism of Paul Gauguin.

Non unified past a single style, artists were united by the inclusion of abstract elements and symbolic content in their artwork. Perhaps the about well-known Postal service-Impressionist is Vincent van Gogh, who used color and his brushstrokes not to convey the emotional qualities of the mural, but his own emotions and country of mind.

Artists to Know: Georges Seurat, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard

Iconic Artwork: A Sun Afternoon on La Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat (1884 – 1886), The Starry Nightby Vincent van Gogh (1889), The Yellow Christ past Paul Gauguin (1891)

Art Nouveau

At the end of the 19th century, a move of "new art" swept through Europe. Characterized by an involvement in stylistically reinterpreting the beauty of nature, artists from across the continent adopted and adapted this avant-garde style. Every bit a issue, information technology materialized in sub-movements likethe Vienna Secession in Republic of austria,Modernisme in Spain, and, near prominently,Fine art Nouveau in France.

The French Art Nouveau style was embraced by artists working in a range of mediums. In addition to the fine arts, like painting and sculpture, it featured heavily in architecture and decorative arts of the period. However, possibly its nearly enduring legacy can be found in the poster—a commercial craft that Czech artist Alphonse Mucha helped elevate as a modernistic fine art grade.

Artists to Know: Alphonse Mucha, Gustav Klimt

Iconic Artwork: The Four Seasons past Alphonse Mucha, The Osculation past Gustav Klimt

Cubism

Pablo Picasso, "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon," 1907 (Photo: Wikimedia Commons, Fair Employ)

A truly revolutionary mode of art, Cubism is one of the nigh important art movements of the 20th century. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque developed Cubism in the early on 1900s, with the term existence coined by art critic Louis Vauxcelles in 1907 to describe the artists. Throughout the 1910s and 1920s, the two men—joined past other artists—would utilise geometric forms to build upwardly the last representation. Completely breaking with any previous art movement, objects were analyzed and cleaved apart, only to exist reassembled into an abstracted class.

This reduction of images to minimal lines and shapes was part of the Cubist quest for simplification. The minimalist outlook also trickled down into the color palette, with Cubists forgoing shadowing and using limited hues for a flattened appearance. This was a clear break from the use of perspective, which has been the standard since the Renaissance. Cubism opened the doors for later on art movements, like Surrealism and Abstract Expressionism, past throwing out the prescribed artist'due south rulebook.

Artists to Know: Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Juan Gris

Iconic Artwork:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon by Pablo Picasso (1907)

Futurism

Giacomo Balla, "Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash," 1912 (Photograph: Wikimedia Eatables, Public domain)

Fascinated by new industry and thrilled by what lay ahead, the early 20th-centuryFuturists carved out a place in history. Growing out of Italy, these artists worked as painters, sculptors, graphic designers, musicians, architects, and industrial designers. As the early manifesto did not direct accost the creative output of Futurism, it took some time before there was a cohesive visual. A authentication of Futurist art is the depiction of speed and motility. In particular, they adhered to principles of "universal dynamism," which meant that no single object is separate from its background or some other object.

This is all-time exemplified in Giacomo Balla'sDynamism of a Dog on a Leash, where the motion of walking the dog is shown through the multiplying of the dog's feet, leash, and owner'due south legs.

Artists to Know: Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni

Iconic Artwork: Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash by Giacomo Balla (1912), Unique Forms of Continuity in Space by Umberto Boccioni (1913)

Dada

Dada was a 20th-century avant-garde fine art motion (ofttimes referred to as an "anti-art" move) born out of the tumultuous societal landscape and turmoil of WWI. It began as a vehement reaction and revolt against the horrors of war and the hypocrisy and follies of bourgeois gild that had led to it. In a subversion of all aspects of Western civilization (including its art), the ideals of Dada rejected all logic, reason, rationality, and order—all considered pillars of an evolved and avant-garde gild since the days of the Enlightenment.

Artists to Know: Marcel Duchamp, Human being Ray, Tristan Tzara

Iconic Artwork: Fountain by Marcel Duchamp (1917)

Bauhaus

Affiche for the Bauhaus movement by Joos Schmidt, 1923 (Photo: Wikimedia Commons, Public domain)

Ranging from paintings and graphics to architecture and interiors,Bauhaus art dominated many outlets of experimental European fine art throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Though it is most closely associated with Germany, it attracted and inspired artists of all backgrounds. Bauhaus—literally translated to "structure firm"—originated equally a High german schoolhouse of the arts in the early 20th century. Founded by Walter Gropius, the school eventually morphed into its own modern art movement characterized by its unique arroyo to architecture and pattern.

Artists to Know: Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Joost Schmidt, Marcel Breur

Iconic Artwork: Yellow-Red-Blue by Wassily Kandinsky (1925), Wassily Chair by Marcel Breur (1925)

Art Deco

Fine art Deco is a modernist movement that emerged in 1920s Europe. While many different aesthetics etch the move—including dissimilar color palettes and a range of materials, from ebony and ivory to wood and plastic—it is most frequently characterized by streamlined, geometric forms contrasted past rich ornament and linear decoration.

Paintings produced in the Art Deco style typically characteristic bold forms and busy compositions. Some, like those by Polish-born painter Tamara de Lempicka, depict dynamic portraits of stylish subjects. Typically, these figures are dressed in brilliant colors and set in abstracted metropolitan locations.

Artists to Know: Tamara de Lempicka

Iconic Artwork: Tamara in a Green Bugatti by Tamara de Lempicka (1929)

Surrealism

"The Persistence of Memory" by Salvador Dalí. 1931. MoMA, New York.

A precise definition of Surrealism can be difficult to grasp, just it's clear that this once advanced movement has staying ability, remaining one of the most approachable fine art genres, even today. Imaginative imagery spurred past the hidden is a authentication of this blazon of fine art, which started in the 1920s. The motion began when a grouping of visual artists adopted automatism, a technique that relied on the subconscious for creativity.

Borer into the appeal for artists to liberate themselves from brake and take on total creative freedom, Surrealists often challenged perceptions and reality in their artwork. Part of this came from the juxtaposition of a realistic painting fashion with unconventional, and unrealistic, discipline matters.

Artists to Know: Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, René Magritte

Iconic Artwork: The Treachery of Images past René Magritte (1929), The Persistence of Memorypast Salvador Dalí (1931)

Abstract Expressionism

"Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)" by Jackson Pollock. 1950. Metropolitan Museum of Fine art, New York.

Abstract Expressionism is an American fine art movement—the first to explode on an international scale—that started afterwards World War Ii. It solidified New York every bit the new center of the art world, which had traditionally been based in Paris. The genre developed in the 1940s and 1950s, though the term was also used to draw work past earlier artists like Wassily Kandinsky. This style of art takes the spontaneity of Surrealism and injects it with the night mood of trauma that lingered mail-State of war.

Jackson Pollock is a leader of the motion, with his drip paintings spotlighting the spontaneous creation and gestural paint application that defines the genre. The term "Abstract Expressionism," though closely married to Pollock's work, isn't express to one specific style. Work equally varied as Willem de Kooning's figurative paintings and Mark Rothko'due south colour fields are grouped under the umbrella of Abstruse Expressionism.

Artists to Know: Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Clyfford Nonetheless, Marking Rothko

Iconic Artwork:Autumn Rhythm (Number xxx)by Jackson Pollock

Pop Art

Ascent up in the 1950s, Pop Art is a pivotal move that heralds the onset of gimmicky fine art. This mail service-war style emerged in Britain and America, including imagery from advertising, comic books, and everyday objects. Often satirical, Pop Art emphasized banal elements of common goods and is frequently thought of as a reaction against the subconscious elements of Abstruse Expressionism.

Roy Lichtenstein'south bold, vibrant work is an excellent example of how parody and pop culture merged with fine fine art to make accessible art. Andy Warhol, the about famous of the Pop Art figures, helped push the revolutionary concept of art equally mass product, creating numerous silkscreen series of his popular works.

Artists to Know: Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Jasper Johns

Iconic Artwork:Campbell'south Soup Cans by Andy Warhol (1962)

Installation Art

"The Souls of Millions of Lite Years Away" by Yayoi Kusama

In the middle of the 20th century, avant-garde artists in America and Europe began producing Installation Art. Installations are three-dimensional constructions that play with infinite to interactively engage viewers. Oftentimes big-scale and site-specific, these works of art transform museums, galleries, and even outdoor locations into immersive environments.

Inspired by Marcel Duchamp's DadaistReadymades—a series of found objects contextualized as sculptures— this important genre was pioneered by modern masters like Yayoi Kusama and Louise Conservative. Today, contemporary artists keep his practice live, crafting experimental installations from mediums like string, paper, and flowers.

Artists to Know: Yayoi Kusama, Louise Bourgeois, Damien Hirst

Iconic Artwork:Mirror Rooms by Yayoi Kusama

Kinetic Art

"Rouge Triomphant (Triumphant Red)" by Alexander Calder. 1959–1965.

The seemingly contemporary art motion actually has its roots in Impressionism, when artists first began attempting to express move in their art. In the early 1900s, artists began to experiment further with art in motility, with sculptural machine and mobiles pushing kinetic fine art forrard. Russian artists Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko were the showtime creators of sculptural mobiles, something that would later be perfected by Alexander Calder.

In gimmicky terms, kinetic art encompasses sculptures and installations that have movement as their primary consideration. American creative person Anthony Howe is a leading figure in the contemporary movement, using reckoner-aided design for his large-scale wind-driven sculptures.

Artists to Know: Alexander Calder, Jean Tinguely, Anthony Howe

Iconic Artwork: Arc of Petalspast Alexander Calder

Photorealism

"Untitled" by Yigal Ozeri. 2012.

Photorealism is a style of art that is concerned with the technical ability to wow viewers. Primarily an American fine art movement, it gained momentum in the late 1960s and 1970s as a reaction confronting Abstruse Expressionism. Hither, artists were nearly concerned with replicating a photo to the best of their ability, carefully planning out their work to cracking effect and eschewing the spontaneity that is the hallmark of Abstruse Expressionism. Similar to Pop Fine art, Photorealism is often focused on imagery related to consumer civilization.

Early on Photorealism was steeped in nostalgia for the American landscape, while more recently, photorealistic portraits have become a more common subject. Hyperrealism is an advocacy of the artistic style, where painting and sculpture are executed in a manner to provoke a superior emotional response and to arrive at college levels of realism due to technical developments. A common thread is that all works must start with a photographic reference indicate.

Artists to Know: Chuck Shut, Ralph Going, Yigal Ozeri

Iconic Artwork: Untitledby Yigal Ozeri

Lowbrow

Lowbrow, also called pop surrealism, is an art motion that grew out of an undercover California scene in the 1970s. Traditionally excluded from the fine art world, lowbrow art moves from painted artworks to toys, digital fine art, and sculpture. The genre also has its roots in hole-and-corner comix, punk music, and surf culture, with artists not seeking acceptance from mainstream galleries. By mixing surrealism imagery with pop colors or figures, artists achieve dreamlike results that often play on erotic or satirical themes. The rise of magazines like Juxtapoz and Howdy-Fructose have given lowbrow artists a forum to display their work exterior of mainstream contemporary art media.

Artists to Know: Marker Ryden, Ray Caesar, Audrey Kawasaki

Iconic Artwork:Incarnationby Marking Ryden

This article has been edited and updated.

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